Introduction
In politics, a sphere of influence is typically defined as the cultural, economic, military or political influence a state exerts over another state. Similarly, powerful leaders have a sphere of influence used on the people around them.
Written in 1959, French and Raven The Bases For Social Power is commonly cited in management texts as the model for leadership influence. However, they listed only five sources, which they referred to as:
- Reward,
- Coercive,
- Legitimate (authority),
- Referent (charisma) and
- Expertise.
It's been over 45 years since this classic article was published and times change. For example, there is a great deal of research in both psychology and management that we can now draw on to better understand the nature of leader influence. Besides the five that used by French and Raven, I believe there are four more:
- Coaching,
- Vision,
- Relationship, and
- Persuasion.
And while reward and coercion are definitely terms in common use, it would be more helpful to think more in terms of behavioral modification (or operant conditioning) which uses two motivational consequences that leaders need to understand: positive reinforcement and punishment.
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